As migrant spouses’ education increases from high school to some college or above, the increase in their likelihood of hukou locality intermarriage is similar between Shanghai and Shenzhen. When migrant spouses’ education changes from high school to some college or above, their odds of hukou locality intermarriage increase by 159% and 110% in Shanghai and Shenzhen, respectively, and the difference between Shanghai and Shenzhen is not statistically significant (Shanghai: ? = 0.95, exp(?) = 2.59,p < 0.001;> 0.05). In contrast, as migrant spouses’ education changes from less than high school to high school, their odds of intermarriage increase significantly in Shenzhen (? = 0.02 + 1.81 = 1.83,p < 0.001)> 0.05), and the difference is highly significant (dif.: ? = 1.81,p < 0.001).
It dating is particularly solid when you look at the Shenzhen
Complete, as well as supporting proof a dyadic exchange, particularly in Shenzhen, we together with pick supporting proof having field replace, because the migrants are more likely to get married a neighborhood spouse (i.e., to create hukou intermarriage) since their knowledge develops. The results recommend a higher probability of hukou area-education change getting non-college-knowledgeable migrants within the Shenzhen compared to Shanghai, however, a comparable likelihood of hukou locality-studies change during these one or two urban centers getting college or university-educated migrants, and that aids Hypothesis step 3 your all the way down probability of hukou area-knowledge replace inside Shanghai, compared to the Shenzhen, retains having low-college-experienced migrants although not having college or university-knowledgeable migrants.
Predicated on Model 5 away from Desk 2 and you may Profile 2 , local spouses’ studies is not associated with the the journal-probability of hukou locality intermarriage, and that matchmaking does not disagree among them towns
Yet, i have sensed just intermarriage ranging from locals and migrants, in place of distinguishing ranging from a couple of hukou types. Within our shot, natives try mainly urban hukou proprietors whereas migrants primarily hold rural hukou in urban centers. Specifically, when you look at the Shanghai, regarding 85% off natives but just about 20% regarding migrants keeps urban hukou. Inside the Shenzhen, all the residents hold urban hukou, but only about 35% from migrants was metropolitan hukou holders. The brand new logical distinction of hukou variety of ranging from natives and migrants ways a chances of hukou type exchange inside inter-hukou-locality ine whether hukou method of affects our very own results.
Very first, we see the brand new shipping regarding hukou sort of certainly one of intermarriages away from hukou locality. Because the shown within the Figure A1, more than 1 / 2 of new couples in which several spouses differ when you look at the hukou locality setting homogamy with respect to hukou method of. This is consistent with previous findings that Chinese e hukou form of (Li & Lu, 2008; Wang & He, 2014). A good gender asymmetric pattern off hukou interong couples connected with an excellent migrant spouse and a community wife, only eleven% was rural-husband-urban-partner lovers while 86% is metropolitan-husband-urban-partner people. In contrast, certainly one of lovers the spot where the partner is actually a great Shanghai regional citizen additionally the wife was an excellent migrant, kissbrides.com verkkosivu 45% try urban-husband-rural-spouse people. In other words, whenever feminine with Shanghai hukou get married migrants, they have a tendency in order to wed urban migrants, while dudes which have Shanghai hukou whom marry migrant feminine have a tendency to get married outlying migrants. Inside the Shenzhen, this gender pattern was shorter obvious: 26% regarding migrant-husband-local-partner people has an urban partner and you may a rural spouse, while a dozen% away from regional-husband-migrant-spouse couples involve a metropolitan partner and a rural partner. These types of conclusions suggest that inside Shanghai matrimony markets, both hukou area and you will hukou type structure intermarriage models, however in Shenzhen hukou particular seems quicker important. It then supporting all of our conclusions regarding the hukou hindrance are more powerful inside Shanghai than in Shenzhen.
Second, we did a sensitivity analysis by excluding couples in which two spouses differ in both hukou locality and hukou type. In this way, intermarriages that cross hukou locality do not include any couples that might also engage in status exchange in terms of hukou type. The results (available upon request) are substantively the same. Hukou locality homogamy remains more pronounced in Shanghai than in Shenzhen (? Shenzhen*hukou homogamy =?0.42, p < 0.001).>shenzhen*(migrants: high school vs. less than high school) 1.11, p < 0.1).>